common vulnerabilities in embedded systems 

Common vulnerabilities in embedded systems include:

1. **Weak Authentication**: Insufficient or insecure login mechanisms, making systems susceptible to unauthorized access.

2. **Unpatched Software**: Outdated firmware and software that lack security updates, leaving systems exposed to known exploits.

3. **Insecure Communication**: Lack of encryption and secure protocols for data transmission, risking data interception and tampering.

4. **Buffer Overflow**: Exploits that occur when a program writes more data to a buffer than it can handle, potentially leading to system crashes or code execution.

5. **Hardcoded Credentials**: Use of default or hardcoded passwords that are easy to guess or extract, compromising system security.

Addressing these vulnerabilities is crucial for ensuring the security and reliability of embedded systems.