Define fragmentation. 

Fragmentation refers to the phenomenon where storage space becomes inefficiently used due to the allocation of storage in non-contiguous or small chunks, leading to wasted space and potential performance degradation. There are two primary types:

1. **External Fragmentation:** Free memory or storage is fragmented into small pieces, making it challenging to allocate contiguous blocks of memory or storage to larger programs or files.

2. **Internal Fragmentation:** Occurs when allocated memory or storage is larger than what is actually needed, wasting space due to the inability to use the excess capacity efficiently.

Fragmentation is a common issue in both memory management and file systems and can be managed or reduced through techniques like compaction, defragmentation, and memory allocation strategies.